Pathology Review Guide

Study Questions

1. What are Koch's postulates? How are they used to determine a cause of a disease (give an example of the postulates in use)?

2. What is pathology? Explain the difference between a pathogen and a disease.

3. Distinguish between the term disease and infectious disease

4. Describe the characteristics of viruses. Are viruses considered to be living things?

5. Describe the structure of DNA.

6. What is a bacteriophage? Draw one.

7. List some diseases caused by viruses.

8. List the steps in which a virus infects a host and reproduces itself.

9. What is the difference between lytic pathway and a lysogenic pathway?

10. How do vaccines work against viruses? Explain how infection by cowpox granted an immunity to small pox.

11. How does the body's immune system defend against invaders.

12. Sketch a few viruses. Be able to identify the following viruses by sight: HIV, bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus

13. Describe the medical processes that lead to the discover of HIV.

14. Describe the symptoms of HIV. Explain why this virus is so deadly.

15. Know the full names for HIV and AIDS

16. Distinguish between an epidemic and a pandemic.

17. Name the two kingdoms in which bacteria are classified. What's the difference between the two?

18. List the three shapes of bacteria.

19. Describe how a gram stain is used to identify bacteria. Generalize the steps of performing a gram stain.

20. List diseases caused by bacteria.

21. Be able to match specific bacteria to the disease they cause or their common names. (Ex. Bacillus tetani)

22. Compare the use of antibiotics to the use of antiseptics.

23. Who was Alexander Fleming? Who was Joseph Lister? Who was Louis Pasteur?

24. Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.

25. For each of the following diseases, name the parasite, vector and symptoms:

Malaria
African Sleeping Sickness
Amebic Dysentery
Cryptosporidiosis
Leashmaniasis

26. Describe how a person might get a hookworm? What are symptoms of hookworm infection.

27. Describe how a person might get trichinosis (trichinella)

28. Describe how a person might get schistosomiasis. What are the symptoms? What is the intermediate host?

29. What is a guinea worm? How does a person get it?

30. What is the genus Taenia known for? (common name)

31. Describe how a person might get a liver fluke. What is the scientific name for the liver fluke?

32. What are the symptoms of a pinworm infection? How does a person get pinworms. What is the scientific name for the worm?

33. Give examples of flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) and roundworms (phylum nematoda)

34. Why is clean water an important aspect of controlling parasites.

35. Why are insecticides used to control malaria?

36. What is bioterrorism?

37. What factors are considered when determining whether a microbe could be used by a bioterrorist? What microbes might be favored by terrorists?

38. Name some historically important microbes and describe their significance. (Polio, Black Death, Smallpox)

39. Compare the overall differences and similarities between viruses, bacteria, protists and animal parasites. What do you think poses the greatest threat to mankind?

40. Identify on Lab Practical the Following Organisms (you can use your notes for this)
The majority of the practical will be set up as "case studies" - you'll get a slide, and/or clue and will answer 1-3 questions per station.

Schistosoma (adult worms and cercariae)
Giardia
Tapeworm (Taenia or Hymenolepia)
Various types of bacteria (shape and gram)
Plasmodium
Trypanosoma
Fasciola hepatica
Trichinella
Various roundworms (Ascaris)
Necator and Ancyclostoma (hookworm)
Filariasis
Entamoeba histolytica
Pinworms (Enterobius)
Toxoplasma