Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
- have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living
things
Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)
Organic
compounds are made from a carbon skeleton which can vary in length, be branched
or unbranched, have double bonds which vary in location, or may be arranged in
rings.
Attached
to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates
in chemical reactions
| Functional
Group | | Name
of compounds | Functions |
| Hydroxyl | -OH | Alcohols | hydrophilic
and polar |
| Carbonyl | -CO | Aldehydes
(when the =O occurs at the end of chain)
Ketones (when the =O occurs in the
middle of chain) | hydrophilic
and polar |
| Carboxyl | -COOH | Carboxylic
Acids | act
as acids, donate protons |
| Amino | -NH2 | Amines | Act
as bases, pick up protons from acids |
What type of
compounds are the following?
Reaction
Types
- Hydrolysis
- break down compounds by adding water
- Dehydration
- two components brought together, produces H2O
- Endergonic
- requires the input of energy
- Exergonic
- releases energy
- Redox
- electron transfer reactions
MACROMOLECULES
important to life
1.
Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
1.
CARBOHYDRATES
- monosaccharides
- simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose
- disaccharides
- two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose (dehydration synthesis)
- polysaccharides
- polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides, starch (plant
energy storage) and glycogen (animal energy storage)
- pentoses - five
carbon sugars; deoxyribose & ribose (DNA)
Polysaccharides
as Structural Molecules
- Cellulose - glucose bonded
to form "fibers", composes cell walls (cotten is almost pure cellulose);
not easily digested
- Chitin - polymer of glucose,
makes up exoskeletons of arthropods
2.
Lipids
- Hydrophobic,
insoluble in water
- Fat provides
insulation and energy storage
- Saturated fats
contain no double bonds, Unsaturated fats have double bonds (liquid at room
temperature)
- Phospholipids - important component of the cell membrane
- Steroids - contain 4 fused carbon rings; cholesterol & sex hormones
(testosterone & estrogen)
3.
Proteins
- Polymers
made of amino acids
- Amino
acids are joined by peptide bonds
- Amino
acids form a wide variety of structures, building blocks for living tissue
- The
chain of amino acids coil into a 3D structure
- Proteins
can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More
on enzymes later)
Proteins
have four shapes
1.
Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain
2.
Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha
helix or pleated sheet)
3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular
or fibrous)
4. Quaternary Structure - consits of two or more polypetide chains
or subunits
4.
Nucleic Acids
- Informational
polymers
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that
are easily broken to release energy
(this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)
