Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Essential Question: What happened to Kati Mori at the London Marathon?
Anatomy:
structure of body parts
Physiology:
function of body parts; what they do and how.
How are they related?
Characteristics (Processes) of Life
- Movement - self initiated change in __________, motion of internal parts
- Responsiveness - ability to sense changes and ______________
- Growth - increase in _________________
- Reproduction - DNA passed from parents to _________________
- Respiration - obtaining ____________________
- Digestion - chemically changing (breaking down) ______________
- Absorption -passage of digested products (food) through membranes and into ___________________________
- Circulation - movement of ________________________ throughout the body
- Assimilation -changing absorbed substances into ______________________ different substances
- Excretion - removal of ______________________
**Video: How a Bean becomes a Fart
1. What substance in beans is difficult to digest?
2. What is an enzyme?
2. Which of the life processes from the list above were mentioned in the video?
Review the list of life processes and consider Kati Mori’s symptoms. Choose three of the processes that you think might be related.
Metabolism: All physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism
All of these processes require: ENERGY - Where does the energy for our bodily processes come from?
Needs: Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Homeostasis: Tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment.
Feedback Loops - how the body makes adjustments when the environment changes
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
What is hyponatremia?
How does Kati's story relate to HOMEOSTASIS?
Which of the 10 life processes were compromised in Kati's situation?
Levels of Organization
Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules →Organelles → Cells →Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
General Organization of the Body:
Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk | Appendicular Portion - arms & legs
1. Several body cavities and layers of membranes within cavities
2. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities
(VISCERA = internal
organs. also: "visceral organs")
What does "eviscerate" mean?
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity | Ventral Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity - right and left separated by mediastinum.
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity (abdominal + pelvic cavity)
DIAPHRAGM - separates thoracic and abdominal cavity
SEROUS MEMBRANE - two layers, covers organs
outer layer = PARIETAL layer and forms a "lining"
inner layer = VISCERAL layer, covers the surface of organs1. Pleura (or pleural membrane) - surrounds the lungs
2. Pericardium (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the heart
3. Peritoneum (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds organs within the abdominopelvic cavity*Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called SEROUS FLUID
ORGAN SYSTEMS | How does this system maintain homeostasis? | |
1. Integumentary | Body
covering. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands. - protect underlying tissues, regulate body temperature |
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2. Skeletal | Bones,
ligaments, cartilage - Support, movement, protection; production of blood cells |
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3. Muscular | Muscles
of the body - Movement, posture, production of body heat |
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4. Nervous | Brain,
spinal cord, nerves - Communication, mental activities |
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5. Endocrine | Glands = pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries,
testes - Secretion of hormones, chemical communication |
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6. Digestive | Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, - Breakdown of food (digestion), absorption |
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7. Circulatory | Heart,
blood vessels, blood. - Transports materials throughout the body. |
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8. Lymphatic | ( Immune System) - fights infections | |
8. Urinary | Kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra - filters wastes from the blood, maintains water balance |
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9. Reproductive | Reproductive
organs, primarily the ovaries (females) and testes (males) |
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position
Superior / Inferior
Medial / Lateral
Anterior/ Posterior
Proximal / Distal
Superficial / Deep
Sagittal | Transverse | Frontal (coronal)
*Learn to Identify and Describe the Body Regions (Body Regions Handout)
*Learn the names of specialized medical fields. (Medical and Applied Science)