Unit 2 Review- Cellular Biology

1. What is the endosymbiosis theory?
2. What is the cell theory (3 parts)
3. Why are cells so small?
4. What are the three basic features of all cells?
5. What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
6. What structures are found in a prokaryote cell? - be able to label one
7. What is the function of the nucleus? What structures are found within the nucleus?
8. What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?
9. What is the golgi apparatus? What does it do? Define cis, trans, cisternae, and vesicle.
10. What are ribosomes? What is the structure of a ribsome (large and small subunit)? What message does the ribosome read?
11. What is the relationship between ribosomes, amino acides, proteins, and vesicles?
12. What are the steps of protein synthesis in the cell? What organelles are involved?
13. What does the mitochondria do? Describe the structure of the mitochondria.
14. How do mitochondria and chloroplasts support the endosymbiosis theory?
15. What is the structure of a chloroplast? What do chloroplasts do?
16. What is the cytoskeleton? What functions does it serve?
17. What is a centriole? What types of cells are they found in?
18. What are cilia and flagella? What are they made from ( 9 + 2 arrangement?)
19. What are vacuoles?
20. What are the differences between plant and animal and bacteria cells? What are the similarities?
21. Describe the cell membrane. - Be able to label a cell membrane
22. What are some other names for the cell membrane?
23. Describe the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions of the phospholipid bilayer.
24. What are the proteins embedded in the cell membrane and what is their function?
25. What are the types of passive transport? Active transport?
26. Define diffusion and osmosis.
27. How does osmosis affect the turgor pressure of plants?
28. Describe the reaction of a cell when placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
29. What is a contractile vacuole? What organisms have them?
30. Compare endocytosis to exocytosis.
31. Describe how the sodium-potassium pump works.
32. Describe cell to cell communication (tight junctions, desmosomes, plasmodesmata, gap junctions
33. What is a redox reaction and why is it important to cells?
34. Define cellular respiration. - Label a respiration overview
35. Define photosynthesis. - Label a photosynthesis overview. - Write the equation for photosynthesis.
35. What is ATP? Describe the ATP molecule.
36. What is the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle?
37. What are the products of the light reaction? What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?
38. What is photolysis?
39. What is chemiosmosis?
40. Describe the flow of protons and electrons in the light dependent reactions?
41. Describe the molecules associated with the light dependent reactions. - Label a diagram
42. Compare and contrast photosystem I and photosystem II.
43. Describe the molecules associated with the Calvin Cycle, aka Light Independent Reaction
44. How do plants exchange gases with the air? What is the structure of a leaf (stomata, guard cells)
45. What is a C4 and a CAM plant?
46. What environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
47. What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
48. What are the products of glycolysis?
49. What is needed to run the Krebs Cycle, aka Citric Acid Cycle?
50. What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
51. What are the products of the electron transport chain (in cellular respiration)?
52. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
53. What is fermentation?

Sample Essays

1. Energy transfer occurs in all cellular activities. For 3 of the following 5 processes involving energy transfer, explain how each functions in the cell and how ATP is involved in each example you choose. a) cellular movement b) active transport c) synthesis of molecules d) chemiosmosis e) fermentation

2. A laboratory assistant prepared solutions of 0.8 M, 0.6 M, 0.4 M, and 0.2 M sucrose, but forgot to label them. After realizing the error, the assistant randomly labeled teh flaskes of these four unknown solutions as Flask A, Flask B, Flask C, and Flask D.

Design an experiment, based on thee prinsiples of diffusion and osmosis, that the assistant could use to determine which of the flasks contains each of the four unknown solutions. Include in your answer: a) a description of how you will set up and perform the experiment b) the results you would expect c) an explation of those results based on the principles involved.

3. Membranes are important structural features of cells.

a) Describe how membrane structure is related to the transport of materials across a membrane. Discuss both active and passive transport.
b) Describe the role of membranes in the synthesis of ATP in either cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

4. Describe the light reactions of photosynthesis, and for a C3 plant, trace the plath of a carbon dioxide from the point at which it enters a plant to its incoproration into a glucose molecule. Include leaf anatomy and biochemical pathways.